Vol. (3), Issue (4), Shawwal 1446 AH- April 2025

Abstract This experimental study investigates the influence of language rhythms on speakers’ perception of speech rate both in native vs. unfamiliar languages. An experiment was conducted to compare participants’ perception of speech rate in Arabic as their native language (stress-timed), to that in three other languages, each having a different rhythmic pattern: German (stress-timed), Spanish (syllable-timed), and Japanese (mora-timed). A total of 120 sentences (30 from each language) was carefully prepared and recorded for this purpose. A mixed-gender group of 45 native Arabic speakers, unfamiliar with all of the other languages listened to the sentences and gauged the speech rate for each sentence on a 7-point Likert scale. The results revealed that speech rate was perceived as identical in Arabic and German, but faster than Arabic in Japanese and Spanish. Hence, the finding offers evidence that an independent and mutual factor between Arabic and German increased the participants’ efficiency in gauging the speech rate, which is language rhythm. Future work must take into consideration this predictor both in theorizing on speech rate and designing respective experiments. Keywords: Speech rate, Speech rate perception, Language rhythm, Arabic language, Unfamiliar languages.

Proverbs serve as documentary records of society, reflecting the reality and origins of their speakers. They reveal social and linguistic characteristics of a speech community. Farid Abdel Hamid Salama’s The Lexicon of Folk Proverbs in the Cities of Hijaz exemplifies the deep connection between language and society. After over two decades of material collection, Salama’s work offers a rich foundation for analysis. This study is divided into an introduction, two main sections, and a conclusion. The first section discusses the geography, borders, and settlement patterns of Hijaz, while the second focuses on a phonological analysis of Hijazi proverbs. Using a descriptive approach, the study explores the impact of social formation on linguistic patterns in Hijazi proverbs, including both well-formed and ill-formed proverbs, and dialectal and Modern Standard Arabic (MSA) proverbs. It also traces certain linguistic features of the Hijazi dialect back to Classical Arabic, highlighting phonological phenomena and differences between Tamimi (Najdi) and Hijazi speech patterns. Keywords: Proverbs, Society, Hijaz, Lexicon, Phonetics

This study explores the concept of linguistic dependency direction from Mel’čuk’s meaning-text theory, which highlights how dependency can vary in different directions, even within the same linguistic level. Focusing on the morphological level, it examines the variation of dependency direction in Arabic, particularly in areas of agreement such as semantically linked adjectives and demonstrative pronouns. The research applies Mel’čuk’s theory to analyze Arabic grammar, aiming to enhance understanding of its morphological structures. The findings reveal that morphological attachment patterns in Arabic can follow a single linear order or vary in multiple ways. One notable variation is the attachment of two lexical units to a single unit in the sentence, as observed with causal adjectives and demonstrative pronouns. This study underscores the relevance of the meaning-text theory in modern linguistics and its application to Arabic morphology. Keywords : contrast, direction, dependency, causality, conversationalism.

This research explores the impact of storytelling on the intellectual and emotional development of children, with a focus on how imagination influences creative thinking and problem-solving skills. Moreover, the study underscores the importance of imagination as a powerful tool in child development, capable of nurturing various aspects of a child's personality. Findings reveal that imagination significantly contributes to enhancing creativity, facilitating adaptability, improving psychological well-being, and fostering communication and cooperation skills. The research further emphasizes the necessity of selecting appropriate storytelling content that reflects the values of the digital age. By doing so, educators and caregivers can effectively leverage the transformative power of storytelling and imagination to promote comprehensive child development. Keywords: Children's Literature, imagination, creative thinking, animation

Muhammad Al-Ali is a Saudi poet and intellectual, widely regarded as one of the founding figures of modern Saudi literature. He engaged in poetry, literary criticism, and various forms of writing, establishing himself as a pioneer of modernist thought and expression in Saudi Arabia. His work presents a lasting example of aesthetic innovation, blending the dualities of heritage and the theme of water in a distinctive and harmonious way. The poet does not sever the deep-rooted ties that connect him to his inherited culture, which remains embedded in the collective consciousness. Within this context, Al-Ali’s poetic text serves to imaginatively rekindle the ancestral and cultural fascination with water. His imagination becomes deeply intertwined with this element, shaping it into a symbolic and creative staff through which he perceives and represents the world. Through the motif of water, his personal struggles and reflections emerge, allowing him to express his unique vision of life and existence. Keywords: Saudi poetry, the collection “There is No Water in Water”, the theme “Water”, thematic reading.

This research aims to trace the concept of poetry, in works by the Holy Quran interpreters who interpreted it as technical term. The research utilized the analytical-inductive approach to identify the presence of this concept and determinants thereof in the perceptions of interpreters regardless of their intellectual orientations and sects, as this paper approaches it from a literary perspective. The research is significant as it extrapolates a problematic literary concept in different texts. One finding is that this concept appeared in their books only since the sixth century AH onward, but not before, because poetry in the view of the ancients was one of the axioms known to Arabs, for which no definition was needed. The concept determinants were not complete at first; rather, it kept developing in the interpreters’ perceptions until it settled on clear determinants in their knowledge. The influence of Arab critics in their terminology of poetry was clear in many of the determinants of this concept among interpreters. Keywords : interpreters/commentators, concept of poetry, determinants.

Reviving ancient paths between archaeological sites in mountainous regions and improving accessibility to them is very important; it drives local economic development and achieves sustainable tourism. Hail Province possesses a unique geographical environment, with mountains, valleys, agricultural lands, villages, and urban areas. It is rich in archaeological sites, many of which are located in mountainous areas. The primary obstacle lies in the difficulty or impossibility of accessing these sites. The study aims to exploration the path linking two sites: Hatim Al-Tai's houses in Tuwairan il, and Hatim Al-Tai's fireplace in Jabal Al-Samra, and verify its validity. The study takes a spatial analysis approach to achieve its objectives. The path is produced using least cost path analysis in geographic information systems,.The study proposed two possible routes, with the gradient-based route being identified as the most optimal, as it exhibits the highest degree of concordance with the available archaeological evidence. Keywords: Archaeological sites, Stove, Least Cost Path, Cost Surface, Geographic Information Systems.

The study aims to know the effect of the sample pattern on the validity of the DEM, relying on the analytical inductive approach through two stages. The first begins with deriving the DEMs via the Spline tool, and with a fixed sample size for the three samplings: (random, random with added 50m between the samples, and systematic), whereas the second depends on the evaluation both visually (hillshade and contour) and quantitatively (calculating the vertical accuracy based on the RMSE of the derived surface, and finding the differences between the surfaces of the three samples) of the derived models based on a reference of DEM generated from Spot 5 with clarity of 2.5m. The study concluded that the validity of the DEM is affected by the sample distribution pattern, as the model extracted by the random sampling with an added distance of 50m between samples achieved the highest proximity to the reference values compared to the DEMs derived by the other samples. Through the hillshade and contour, both balance and consistency appeared in the distribution of surface details, undulations, and texture. It also recorded the lowest value for the probability of error, achieving a vertical accuracy of 3.66m at a CI of 95%. Keywords: Spatial Interpolation, Systematic Sampling, Random Sampling, Sample pattern, Vertical Accuracy.

This study examines the early development of tourism investment in Saudi Arabia and the interaction between government and private sector roles within the framework of Vision 2030. It highlights how the Vision encourages investment participation and provides tools to support tourism as a growing contributor to national income. The Kingdom aims to position tourism as a major investment hub, both locally and globally, similar to its role in other economies. A descriptive-analytical method, along with Pearson correlation and regression analysis, was used to analyze the link between government (independent) and private (dependent) tourism investment. Results indicate a strong, complementary relationship—99% correlation and 98% in regression Keywords : Tourism investment, tourism governance, geographic distribution of tourism, Prediction tourism investment.

This study examines the political role of Badr, the mawla of Abd al-Rhaman Al-Daakhil, in the political conflict in Andalusia prior to Abdel Rahman's arrival. It analyzes his influence in the comprehensive political transformation in that period, and reviews the explanatory frameworks of the tribal conflict between the Qaisites and the Yemenis in Andalusia, concentrating on the role of Badr Al-Dakhil in supporting Abd Al-Rahman Al-Dakhil's journey from the Levant to Andalusia, and how that support contributed to strengthening Abd al-Rahman al-Dakhil's position and enhancing his chances of reaching power. Then, the study addressed his efforts in establishing the Umayyad Empire in Andalusia through participating in the decisive battles that contributed to the movement of social and political struggle. The study also addressed Badr's role in the political and social balance in Andalusia after Abd al-Rahman al-Dakhil took over. Finally, the conclusion addressed the most important results reached by the study. Keywords: Mawla Badr, the conflict, Qaisites, Yemenis.

The resonance of the death of King Faisal bin Abdulaziz, may God have mercy on him, in the United States of America, remained an incident rarely touched upon as he, may God have mercy on him, is one of the most important leaders of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and of the world in the twentieth century. The American government was shocked by the death of King Faisal, and the US State Department and Public Opinion, as reported by the American newspapers, began to study the possible alternatives and effects of the incident on Saudi foreign policy in several cases, such as the effect of death on the American stance regarding the issue of the Arab -Israeli conflict, especially since King Faisal devoted everything towards the Palestinian issue throughout his years of rule. The death also had an impact on the American economy and cause it a case of turmoil and lack of vision. The death made the American society see the importance for the United States to maintain the friendship with the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and the importance of the Kingdom's stability to the Arab and Islamic World or rather to the entire global economy. Keywords: King Faisal, the United States, Arab-Israeli conflict.

The first Muslims migrated to Abyssinia, and lived there for years. When they returned to their country, they would talk from time to time about what happened to them in Abyssinia, and describe the events and situations they witnessed in that country. Thus, they transferred pages from the political and cultural history of this country in the first quarter of The seventh century AD, and after collecting and arranging it, it came in three sections. First, Al-Najashi’s personality, religion, and features of the system of government and administration in his state. Second, The revolution against the Negus and his victory over his enemy in the war. Third, Glimpses of community life in Abyssinia. Keywords: The Prophet (peace be upon him) - The Hijra - The Negus - The Emigrants - Axum

This study aimed at investigating the effect of blended learning environment through the flipped classroom model. Authentic videos with captions extracted from YouTube (Ted Talk community) were used. The quasi-experimental method was employed with a pre-test - post-test control group design. Twenty college Saudi students were divided into a control group and an experimental group. A vocabulary test was pre- and post-administrated to measure learned vocabulary. The results revealed statistically significant differences between average ranks of students’ scores in the experimental and control in favor of the experimental group students, which highlighted the positive impact of using captions accompanying authentic videos introduced on YouTube within a flipped blended learning environment on the acquisition of vocabulary among English language students at Qassim university. Keywords : Flipped classroom, multimedia learning, authentic videos, vocabulary acquisition

This study analyzes Robinson Crusoe (1719) through an ecocritical lens, focusing on its depiction of Crusoe’s anthropocentric mindset that thrives due to his disregard for environmental justice. Drawing on Lawrence Buell’s “environmental imagination” and John Locke’s theory of property, the study examines how Crusoe’s survival tactics exploit the environment, prioritizing his own needs while neglecting the ecological principles of environmental sustainability and biodiversity. By reinterpreting the novel in light of these contemporary ecological principles, this study offers a fresh perspective on Crusoe’s actions, encouraging readers to critically reassess the long-term consequences of his behavior on the natural world. It also prompts reflection on the ethical implications of human intervention in ecosystems. In doing so, this study contributes to ecocriticism by showing how Robinson Crusoe serves as a cautionary tale about the risks of unchecked anthropocentrism and the neglect of serious ecological concerns in today’s environmental landscape. Keywords : Environmental justice, anthropocentrism, ecocriticism, sustainability, biodiversity.

This study, through an empirical lens examine the grammatical usage errors in university students’ thesis proposals, primarily focusing on English as a Foreign Language learners. The prime objective is to scrutinize the predominant types of errors and analyze the most common and recurrent patterns in the learners’ advanced academic compositions. In this study, the errors are quantified and classified  utilizing a descriptive quantitative methodology based on a surface taxonomy. Errors are further highlighted relating to misordering, misformation, omission, and addition. Among the 1,754 errors in the analysis of 27 student proposals from a university in Saudi Arabia, the primary problems were addition errors (28%), omission errors (29%), misordering errors (22%), and misformation errors (21%). The outcomes highlighted the need for targeted instructions to assist students in discerning the appropriate use of grammatical features to improve sentence structure. Keywords: Error analysis, error categorization, surface taxonomy